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| 1. | The lobsters observed were of the species now called Munida gregaria (Lobster Krill). The reference to Dampier's observations is to his New Voyage around the World (London, 1697). The Cowley reference is to the summary of his journal published by Wlliam Hacke, A Collection of Original Voyages (1699).
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| 2. | Pepys Island was the name given to an island in the South Atlantic discovered by the bucanneer Ambrose Cowley in 1684. Cowley named the island on honour of Samuel Pepys, who at the time was a Secretary of the Admiralty. However, Pepys Island was never found in the latitude given Cowley by subsequent voyagers including Byron, who in 1765 took possession of the Falklands in the name of the British crown. Byron was of the view that the Falklands were Cowley's Pepys Island as they lay three degrees further south of the latitude recorded by Cowley. The 'observing time' was noon, the usual time for taking solar observations to determine the position of a vessel. [Return to page 17690103]
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| 3. | The seaweed examined by Banks was Giant Kelp, now known by the scientific name Macrocystis pyrifera. The birds were probably Narrow-billed Prion (Pachyptila Belcheri), which have a blue- grey body. They are commonly encountered in the vicinity of the Falkland Islands.
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| 4. | In his edition of Banks's journal, Beaglehole writes that 'Banks's description could apply to Noctiluca, one of the largest of the Protozoa, which occurs at times in countless numbers and is the cause of many startling displays of phosphorescence familiar to voyagers. Nereides: polychaete worms.' (1962: 212).
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| 5. | Compare this entry with Cook's journal. Cook makes no mention of putting into the Falklands which by his instructions he was at liberty to do. Clearly, Cook had put the goal of reaching Tahiti for the Transit of Venus above Banks's scientific aspirations.
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| 6. | Alca pica was the Linnean name given to the Black-Billed Auk - a variety of Razor-bill (Alca torda). The penguins were mostly Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). The seals were probably south American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis).
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| 7. | These Birds could have been either Sooty Shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) or Cape Hens (Procellaria aequinoctialis).
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| 8. | Diving Petrels, either the Magellanic Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides magellani) or the Common Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides urinatrix)
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| 9. | These were probably Commerson's Dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii). See the South Seas Companion entry for this mammal.
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| 10. | Richard Walter, A voyage round the world in the years MDCCXL, I, II, III, IV by George Anson; compiled from papers and other materials of the Right Honourable George Lord Anson and published under his direction by Richard Walter (London, 1748).
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| 11. | Banks's jellyfishBeroe incrassata is the organism now known as Beroe ovata. What he called Medusa limpidissima was probably a jellyfish of the species Aglaura while those he called Medusa plicata and obliquata cannot be identified from Parkinson's drawings. The jellyfish that Banks called Alcyonium anguillare likewise cannot be identified from Parkinson's drawing. George Shelvocke (1690-1728) was the author of A Voyage round the World by the way of the great South Sea, performed in the years 1719-1722 (London, 1726). [Return to page 17690112]
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| 12. | In his edition of Banks's journal, Beaglehole cites Darwin: 'By this road I ascended to a considerable elevation, and obtained a good view of the surrounding woods. The trees all belong to one kind, the Fagus betuloides; for the number of the other species of Fagus and of the Winter's Bark, is quite inconsiderable. This beech keeps its leaves throughout the year; but its foliage is of a peculiar brownish-green colour, with a tinge of yellow. As the whole landscape is thus coloured, it has a sombre, dull appearance; nor is it often enlivened by the rays of the sun.' Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries visited during the Voyage round the World of H.M.S. Beagle (London: John Murray, 1913 edn), p. 221.
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| 13. | What Banks may have been referring to here is the Green Algae, Enteromorpha intestinalis. The Coral Weed Corallina officinalis is still known by this scientific name.
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| 14. | The feature known as the Three Brothers still has this name, while the Sugar Loaf was thr name given to Meseta de Orozco, a distinctive table-topped hill that rises 250 metres above sea level.
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| 15. | The Winter's Bark (Drimys winteri) is named after John Winter, who used infusions of the bark to prevent scurvy on Drake's voyage through the Strait of Magellan in 1578. It was still in use as an antiscorbutic in Cook's day. See the Natural History Museum's Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/cgi-bin/perth/cook/index.dsml The plant Banks knew as Wild Celery (Apium antescorbutium) now has the scientific name Apium australe, while the 'Scurvy Grass' he identified as Cardamine antescorbutica now has the scientific name Cardamine glacialis and has been proven to be a good source of vitamin C. [Return to page 17690114]
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| 16. | This 'birch' was the Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus antartica), which Beaglehole nots in his edition of Banks's journal is 'a southern hemisphere counterpart of the beech (1962: 217).'
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| 17. | The 'cranberries' to which Banks gave the scientific name of Arbutus rigida are now known as Pernettya mucronata. See the Natural History Museum's Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/cgi-bin/perth/cook/index.dsmlThe berries are known by local inhabitants as chaura.
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| 18. | The whelk with the 'long tooth' was most likely a specimen of Acanthina calcar. The Lepades, Sertularias, Onisci were species of barnacles, hydroids and crustaceans that cannot now be identified. See G.L. Wilkins, 'A Catalogue and Historical Account of the Banks Shell Collection', Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series, vol. 1, n. 3 (1955).
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| 19. | Alexander Buchan is known to have made four drawings of this Selk'nam clan's settlement which are now British Library Add MS 23920, ff. 11-12, 16-17. Parkinson also drew the settlement and his drawing is also to be found in British Library Add MS 23920, f. 13. The drawings of Buchan and Parkinson form the basis of the fanciful etching by Cipriani for Hawkesworth's Account of the Voyages..to the Southern Hemisphere (1773): Plate I. A view of the Indians of Terra del Fuego in their hut. See https://paulturnbull.org/project/southseas/journals/hv23/055.
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| 20. | The foot print would have been made by a guanaco (Auchenia huanaco). The guanaco was a principal source of food, clothing and dwelling covering for the Selk'nam. See Anne Chapman, Drama and Power in a Hunting Society: the Selk'nam of Tierra del Fuego (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), esp. pp. 20-22.
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| 21. | A drawing by Parkinson now in the Museum of Natural History (UK) suggests that the vulture Banks saw was the falcon known as Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango).
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| 22. | The clams which the Endeavour voyagers ate included the Striped Clam (Eurhomalea exalbida). See G.L. Wilkins, 'A Catalogue and Historical Account of the Banks Shell Collection', Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series, vol. 1, n. 3 (1955).
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| 23. | Cook took this to be the island of Evouts. See his journal.
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| 24. | The French work referred to was Charles de Brosses's Histoire des navigations aux terres australes. Contenant ce que l'on sc'ait des m'urs & des productions des contre'es de'couvertes jusqu'a` ce jour, etc. (2 volumes; 1756.). De Brosses was an influential magistrate, philosophe and antiquarian.
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| 25. | In his edition of Banks's journal (1962: 231), Beaglehole notes that the large white Albatrosses Banks identifies as Diomedea exulans have been thought more likely to have been Royal Albatross (Diomedea epomophora) by Robert C. Murphy. See his Oceanic birds of South America : a study of species of the related coasts and seas, including the American quadrant of Antarctica; based upon the Brewster-Sanford collection in the American museum of natural history(New York : Macmillan [for] the American museum of natural history, 1936).
Banks's Shag was a specimen of King Cormorant (Phalacrocorax albiventer). [Return to page 17690127]
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| 26. | The islands of Diego Ramirez lie about 100 km south of Cape Horn. They were first discovered by the Portuguese voyagers Bartolome Garcia and Gonzalo Nodal in February 1619. The Nodal brothers named the islands after the their pilot and navigator, Diego Ramirez de Arellano. The islands were thought to be most southerly known land until James Cook enountered the South Sandwich Islands in 1775.
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| 27. | Banks classified the Sooty Albatross as Diomedea antarctica. It is now known as Phoebetria palpebrata. The bird Banks called Procellaria antarctica was most likely a specimen of Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata and his Procellaria turtur was most likely the Slender-billed Whale Bird (Pachyptila belcheri).
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| 28. | Banks knew the Cape hen as Procellaria fuliginosa. It now has the scientific name Procellaria aequinoctialis. His Procellaria Turtur, Procellaria gigantea and Fregata. are now known as Macronectes gigantea (the Giant Petrel), Pachyptila belcheri (Slender-billed Whale bird), and Fregetta grallaria (White-bellied Storm Bird). The bird he calls alca were probably Megellanic Diving Petrels (Pelecanoides magellani and/or Coom Diving Petrels Pelecanoides urinatrix).
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| 29. | This 'lesser Albatross' was a specimen of Grey-headed Albatross (Diomedia chrysostoma). The bird named Procellaria vagabunda was a White-headed Petrel (Pterodroma lessoni).
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| 30. | As Beaglehole notes, no drawings or descriptions appear to have been made of these crabs (1962: 232). Test
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| 31. | The bird Banks calls Procellaria velox was probably Stejneger's Petrel (Pterodroma longirostris). His Nectris munda and Nectris fuliginosa were the Little Shearwater (Puffinus assimilis) and the Sooty Shearwater or Mutton Bird (Puffinis griseus).
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| 32. | The 'porpoises' sighted were probably Right Whale Dolphins (Lissodelphis peroni). The Albatross was most likely a specimen of Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus).
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| 33. | As Beaglehole notes, there is unsufficient information to identify which of the small petrels this bird was (1962: 234).
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| 34. | These 'porpoises' were Killer Whales (Orcinus orca).
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| 35. | The birdsProcellaria sordida and Procellaria melanopus Banks refers to here were probably specimens of Kermadec Petrel (Pterodroma neglecta). His Procellaria lugens was probably Peale's Petrel (Pterodroma inexpectata), while his Procellaria agilis was a specimen of Sunday Island Petrel (Pterodroma cervicalis).
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| 36. | Banks's Holothuria obtusata was a small Portuguese Man of War (Physalia phyisalia), while his Phillodoce velella was the organism now scientifically named Velella velella (By the Wind Sailor). The Dagysa vitrea described by Banks was some kind of Salp.
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| 37. | These Louse Flies or Flat Flies (Hippoboscids) are parasites that were found on the birds shot by Banks. As Beaglehole notes, a lack of description and no drawing makes impossible to identify the species.
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| 38. | The cuttlefish Banks describes was probably a species of Open Ocean Squid (Onychoteuthis).
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| 39. | These Bonitos were one or more species of Mackerel or Tuna (Scombridae).
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| 40. | Members of the crew had seen either a Red Tailed Tropic Bird (Phaethon rubricauda), or a White Tailed Tropic Bird (Phaethon lepturus).
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| 41. | Despite consulting the minutes of the Royal Society, Beaglehole was unable to explain '..when or where this line was drawn.' (1962: 238).
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| 42. | Linnaeus called the Tropic Birds Phaeton aethereus. The Red Tailed Tropic Bird now has the scientific name Phaethon rubricauda. This bird's crissum feathers, that is the feathers covering the underside of the base of the tail, are white. Its feet are black.
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| 43. | Banks's Mimus volutator is now Glaucus atlanticus (Blue Sea Slug). His name for the Portuguese Man of War, Phyllodoce velellahas been superseded by the scientific name Velella velella.
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| 44. | The Kermadec Petrel (Pterodroma neglecta).
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| 45. | Banks was of course referring here to those writers who had speculated on the location of the supposed great southern continent.
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| 46. | The Nassau fleet was a Dutch expedition sponsored by Prince Maurice of Nassau to raid Spanish settlements on the coast of Peru. Overall, the venture was a failure, but it resulted in the mapping of the southeast coast of Tierra del Fuego and Strait le Maire. One of the Nassau fleet, the Tree of Orange, was separated by bad weather. On rejoining the fleet at Juan Fernandez, the vessel's captain reported having twice sighted the southern continent, in latitudes 50° and 41°. Banks also refers to the chart in Alexander Dalrymple's An Account of the discoveries made in the South Pacifick Ocean previous to 176° (London, 1767). Dalrymple thought the Dutch sightings of the southern continent had occurred around 95° longitude. If this had been so, Endeavour should have encountered the continent some 30° degrees earlier. A digital copy of Dalrymple's chart may be found at nla.aus-an7221679-s1. [Return to page 17690320]
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| 47. | The Birds shot were the Red-tailed Tropic Bird (Phaethon rubricauda), the Herald Petrel (Pterodroma arminjoniana), and one of the species of Gadfly Petrel - either the Magellanic Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides magellani) or the Common Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides urinatrix). Banks's Procellaria sordida was a specimen of Kermadec Petrel (Pterodroma neglecta). The gastropod Banks identified as Turbo fluitans was probably a species of Violet Snail (Janthina sp.). These snails float on the open ocean, feeding on the Portugese Man of War (Physalia physalis) and similar jellyfish. Banks's Medusa Porpita (Blue Button Jellyfish) is now scientifically known as Porpita porpita. The Cimex was probably a species of Marine Skater (Halobates). The parasite Banks found on the Tropic Birds he thought were 'a kind of acurus Paetintis' were probably the mite of the genus Alloptes. [Return to page 17690321]
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| 48. | The birds seen this day were Great Frigate Birds (Fregata minor), also known as Man of War Birds. See the South Seas Companion entry on this bird, http://nla.gov.au/nla.cs-ss-biogs-P000400. Mariners gave the name 'Egg Bird" to several differenr species of tern, notably the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata). See the South Seas Companion entry on this bird, http://nla.gov.au/nla.cs-ss-biogs-P000398. However, in this this instance, Beaghole is right to suggest in his edition of Banks's Journal that the bird may have been a specimen of Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli) (1962: 241).
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| 49. | The islands that Quiros encountered in January 1606 and called La Encarnacion and San Juan are the Pitcairn Islands known as Ducie and Henderson. Ducie island lies in latitude 24° 40' south and Longitude 124° 47' west - about 470 kilometres east of Pitcairn Island. Henderson lies in 24° 22' south, 128° 20' west - about 170 kilometres east by northeast of Pitcairn. Banks's reasoning flowed from Alexander Dalrymple having estimated in his Account of the Discoveries (1767) that La Encarnacion lay about 25° south and 9' west and San Juan two days sail to the west.
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| 50. | The white birds were a species of Tern, the black could have been Brown Noddies (Anous stolidus)
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| 51. | William Greenslade. Greenslade was a Private of Marines. He was one of the twelve Marines who joined HMS Endeavour on 16 August 1768.
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| 52. | These Bonitos were one or more species of Mackerel or Tuna (Scombridae).
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| 53. | Nathaniel Hulme (1732-1807) became a surgeon's mate in the Royal Navy in 1755. In 1765 he gained an M.D. from Edinburgh University with a thesis on Scurvy, which he published in a revised and expanded form as Libellus de natura, causa, curationeque Scorbuti. ... To which is annexed, a Proposal for preventing the Scurvy in the British Navy. (London, 1768.) In the Proposal for preventing Scurvy, Hulme championed the use of lemon and lime juice as antiscorbutics. However, Cook regarded citrus juice as less effective in preventing scurvy than malt wort, wild celery and fresh food. It was not until the 1790s that the Royal Navy began using citrus juices as an antiscorbutic in a systematic way.
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| 54. | The birds were probably Sooty Terns (Sterna fuscata). The Great Frigates would have been out to make make them drop their prey, so that they could swoop to catch it before it hit the water.
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| 55. | The island was Akiaki, called by Cook 'Thrum Cap' because of its resemblance from a distance to the roguh woollen cap of that name.
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| 56. | These birds were Black Noddies (Anous minutus).
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| 57. | What the seamen called King-fish was the fish now commonly known by its Hawaiian name, Wahoo. It was given the scientific name Acanthocybium solandri by Cuvier in honour of Daniel Solander in 1831.
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| 58. | The island observed was Hao. There was indeed an opening through the reef, the Kaki pass.
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| 59. | These islands were the clusters of low lying atolls called Ravahere and Marokua.
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| 60. | The island of Reitoru, called Bird Island by Cook.
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| 61. | The island was Anaa, called 'Chain Island' by Cook.
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| 62. | Cook placed great store in sauerkraut as an antiscorbutic. Salting cabbage causes a process of osmosis in which water, sugars and other nutrients leak from the cabbage leaves. Microorganisms in the resulting fluid cause fermentation, while salt retards the growth of hazardous bacteria.
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| 63. | This was the island of Mahetia, named Osnaburg by Samuel Wallis. See the South Seas as Companion entry, http://paulturnbull.org/projects/southseas/biogs/P000141b.htm.
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| 64. | The Bue shark now has the scientific name Prionace glauca. It commonly preys in school fish and will readily attack fish trapped in nets. What Banks knew as Common Grey Sharks are now called the Great White Shark and White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias). The 'sucking fish' on the White Sharks now have the scientific name Remora remora
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| 65. | The White-tailed Tropic Bird (Phaethon lepturus).
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| 66. | For Nathaniel Hulme's letter to Banks on the Treatment of Scurvy, see http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/banks/series_03/03_229.htm. Hulme (1732-1807) became a surgeon's mate in the Royal Navy in 1755. In 1765 he gained an M.D. from Edinburgh University with a thesis on Scurvy, which he published in a revised and expanded form as Libellus de natura, causa, curationeque Scorbuti. ... To which is annexed, a Proposal for preventing the Scurvy in the British Navy. (London, 1768.) In the Proposal for preventing Scurvy, Hulme championed the use of lemon and lime juice as antiscorbutics. However, Cook regarded citrus juice as less effective in preventing scurvy than malt wort, wild celery and fresh food. It was not until the 1790s that the Royal Navy began using citrus juices as an antiscorbutic in a systematic way.
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| 67. | The 'Queen's Palace' was the residence at Matavai used by Purea during her sojourn there at the time of the Dolphin's visit. Banks uses the term 'blackguard' in its archaic sense of meaning the lowest menials of a royal or noble household, who had charge of pots and pans and other kitchen utensils.
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| 68. | This was the ceremony establishing Taio, or formal friendship. See the South Seas Companion entry, http://paulturnbull.org/projects/southseas/biogs/P000312b.htm.
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| 69. | This was Tutaha, also known as Ha'amanemane. He was nick-named 'Hercules' by Banks. Tutaha was a member of the principal title-holding family in the districts of Pare and Arue. See the South Seas Comanion entry, http://paulturnbull.org/projects/southseas/biogs/P000204b.htm.
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| 70. | This was Tupura'a i Tamaita, paramount title-holder of the Fa'a'a district. He was nick-named 'Lycurgus' by Banks.
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| 71. | The watering place was on the Vaipopoo river, close to Point Venus. See the map at https://paulturnbull.org/project/southseas/journals/maps/marae_venus.html
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| 72. | This was Owhaa, described by Teuira Henry as a chief of the Ha'apape district. See the South Seas Companion entry, http://paulturnbull.org/projects/southseas/biogs/P000409b.htm
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| 73. | Midshipman Jonathan Monkhouse.
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| 74. | In a marginal note, Banks gives the man's name as Outou. However, as Beaglehole notes in his edition of Banks's journal, what Banks may have heard was the word, utu, meaning justly deserved punishment in this context.
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| 75. | See Cook's journal entry for this day for Banks's reasoning in favour of a sea burial.
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| 76. | Idenitified as Te Pau 'C' by Douglas Oliver, in his Ancient Tahiti (1974: 1191).
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| 77. | For further information on death in Maohi society, see the South Seas Companion entry at http://paulturnbull.org/projects/southseas/biogs/P000417b.htm.
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| 78. | It is impossible to identify this high ranking Maohi.
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| 79. | This Maohi man cannot be identified.
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| 80. | The butcher was Henry Jeffs. He was punished by lashing on 29 April. Cook does not mention this incident, presumably because he was busy with preparations for observing the transit of Venus.
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| 81. | Nothing is known of 'Tomío' the wife of Tupura'a i Tamaita, nor the women, 'Terapo', 'Terarü' and 'Omíe'.
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| 82. | As Douglas Oliver notes, it was not uncommon for high ranking Maohi men and women to have separate households and sexual partners (Ancient Tahiti, 1974: 1201). The young man 'Obadée' has not been identified.
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| 83. | By the gift of tapa Purea aimed to establish taio, or formal friendship with Banks. See the South Seas Companiuon entry on taio, http://paulturnbull.org/projects/southseas/biogs/P000312b.htm
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| 84. | The district of Pare. See the map at https://paulturnbull.org/project/southseas/journals/-maps-marae_tahiti.
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Voyaging Accounts |  |
© 2004
Published by kind permission of the Library
https://paulturnbull.org/project/southseas/journals/banks/references2.html